Everything about Taxonomy totally explained
Taxonomy is the practice and science of
classification. The word comes from the
Greek τάξις,
taxis, 'order' +
νόμος,
nomos, 'law' or 'science'. Taxonomies, or taxonomic schemes, are composed of
taxonomic units known as
taxa (singular
taxon), or kinds of things that are arranged frequently in a
hierarchical structure, typically related by subtype-supertype relationships, also called parent-child relationships. In such a subtype-supertype relationship the subtype kind of thing has by definition the same constraints as the supertype kind of thing plus one or more additional constraints. For example, car is a subtype of vehicle. So any car is also a vehicle, but not every vehicle is a car. Therefore, a thing needs to satisfy more constraints to be a car than to be a vehicle.
Applications
Originally the term taxonomy referred to the classifying of living organisms like cats (now known as
alpha taxonomy); however, the term is now applied in a wider, more general sense and now may refer to a
classification of things, as well as to the
principles underlying such a classification.
Almost anything — animate objects, inanimate objects, places, concepts, events, properties, and relationships — may be classified according to some taxonomic scheme.
The term taxonomy may also apply to relationship schemes other than parent-child hierarchies, such as
network structures with other types of relationships. Taxonomies may include single children with multi-parents, for example, "Car" might appear with both parents "Vehicle" and "Steel Mechanisms"; to some however, this merely means that 'car' is a part of several different taxonomies.
A taxonomy might also be a simple organization of kinds of things into groups, or even an alphabetical list. However, the term vocabulary is more appropriate for such a list. In current usage within "
Knowledge Management", taxonomies are seen as less broad than
ontologies as ontologies apply a larger variety of relation types.
Mathematically, a hierarchical taxonomy is a
tree structure of classifications for a given set of objects. It is also named
Containment hierarchy. At the top of this structure is a single classification, the root node, that applies to all objects. Nodes below this root are more specific classifications that apply to subsets of the total set of classified objects. So for instance, in common schemes of
scientific classification of organisms, the root is called "
Organism" followed by nodes for the
taxonomic ranks:
Domain,
kingdom,
phylum,
class, etc.
Taxonomy and mental classification
Some have argued that the human mind naturally organizes its knowledge of the world into such systems. This view is often based on the
epistemology of
Immanuel Kant.
Anthropologists have observed that taxonomies are generally embedded in local cultural and social systems, and serve various social functions. Perhaps the most well-known and influential study of folk taxonomies is
Émile Durkheim's
The Elementary Forms of Religious Life.
Various taxonomies
In
phylogenetic taxonomy (or
cladistic taxonomy), organisms are classified into
clades, which are discovered by grouping taxa using derived traits. By using clades as the criteria for separation, cladistic taxonomy, using
cladograms, can categorize taxa into unranked groups.
In
numerical taxonomy or
taximetrics, the field of solving or best-fitting of numerical equations that characterize all measurable quantities of a set of objects is called
cluster analysis.
Non-scientific taxonomy
Other taxonomies, such as those analyzed by Durkheim and Lévi-Strauss, are sometimes called
folk taxonomies to distinguish them from
scientific taxonomies that claim to be disembedded from social relations and thus objective and universal.
The
neologism folksonomy shouldn't be confused with "folk taxonomy" (though it's obviously a contraction of the two words). Those who support
scientific taxonomies have recently criticized folksonomies by dubbing them "
fauxonomies" (French word
"faux" means "false").
The phrase "
enterprise taxonomy" is used in business to describe a very limited form of taxonomy used only within one organization. An example would be a certain method of classifying trees as "Type A", "Type B" and "Type C" used only by a certain lumber company for categorising log shipments.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Taxonomy'.
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